Abstract

This EIP introduces a new opcode, PAY, taking two stack parameters, addr and val, that transfers val wei to the address addr without calling any of its functions.

Motivation

Currently, to send ether to an address requires you to call into that address, which transfers execution context to that address, which creates several issues:

• First of all, it opens a reentrancy attack vector, as the recipient can call back into the sender. More generally, the recipient can unilaterally execute arbitrary state changes, limited only by the gas stipend, which is not desirable from the point of view of the sender.
• Secondly, it opens a DoS vector. Contracts which want to send ether must be cognizant of the possibility that the recipient will run out of gas or revert.
• Finally, the CALL opcode is needlessly expensive for simple ether transfers, as it requires the memory and stack to be expanded, the recipient's full data including code and memory to be loaded, and finally needs to execute a call, which might do other unintentional operations. Having a dedicated opcode for ether transfers solves all of these issues, and would be a useful addition to the EVM.

Specification

Parameter	Value
PAY_OPCODE	0xf9

A new opcode is introduced: PAY (PAY_OPCODE), which:

• Pops two values from the stack: addr then val.
• Transfers val wei from the executing address to the address addr, even if addr is the zero address.

The base cost of this opcode is the additional cost of having a nonzero msg.value in a CALL opcode (currently 9000). If addr is not the zero address, the EIP-2929 account access costs for addr (but NOT the current account) are also incurred: 100 gas for a warm account, 2600 gas for a cold account, and 25000 gas for a new account. If any of these costs are changed, the pricing for the PAY opcode must also be changed.

Rationale

Gas pricing

The additional nonzero msg.value cost of the CALL should equal the cost of transferring ether. Therefore, that is the base cost of this opcode. Additionally, the access costs for the receiving account make sense, since the account needs to be accessed. However, it is reasonable to assume that optimized execution clients have the data for the executing contract cached.

Argument order

The order of arguments mimicks that of CALL, which pops addr before val. Beyond consistency, though, this ordering aids validators pattern-matching MEV opportunities, so PAY always appears immediately after COINBASE.

Backwards Compatibility

This change requires a hard fork.

Security Considerations

Existing contracts should not rely on their balance being under their control, since it is already possible to send ether to an address without calling it, by creating a temporary contract and immediately SELFDESTRUCTing it, sending the ether to an arbitrary address. However, this opcode does make this process cheaper for already-vulnerable contracts.

Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.