Abstract

An account abstraction proposal which completely avoids the need for consensus-layer protocol changes. Instead of adding new protocol features and changing the bottom-layer transaction type, this proposal instead introduces a higher-layer pseudo-transaction object called a UserOperation. Users send UserOperation objects into a separate mempool. A special class of actor called bundlers package up a set of these objects into a transaction making a handleOps call to a special contract, and that transaction then gets included in a block.

Motivation

See also https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/implementing-account-abstraction-as-part-of-eth1-x/4020 and the links therein for historical work and motivation, and EIP-2938 for a consensus layer proposal for implementing the same goal.

This proposal takes a different approach, avoiding any adjustments to the consensus layer. It seeks to achieve the following goals:

• Achieve the key goal of account abstraction: allow users to use smart contract wallets containing arbitrary verification logic instead of EOAs as their primary account. Completely remove any need at all for users to also have EOAs (as status quo SC wallets and EIP-3074 both require)
• Decentralization
  • Allow any bundler (think: block builder) to participate in the process of including account-abstracted user operations
  • Work with all activity happening over a public mempool; users do not need to know the direct communication addresses (eg. IP, onion) of any specific actors
  • Avoid trust assumptions on bundlers
• Do not require any Ethereum consensus changes: Ethereum consensus layer development is focusing on the merge and later on scalability-oriented features, and there may not be any opportunity for further protocol changes for a long time. Hence, to increase the chance of faster adoption, this proposal avoids Ethereum consensus changes.
• Try to support other use cases
  • Privacy-preserving applications
  • Atomic multi-operations (similar goal to EIP-3074)
  • Pay tx fees with ERC-20 tokens, allow developers to pay fees for their users, and EIP-3074-like sponsored transaction use cases more generally
  • Support aggregated signature (e.g. BLS)

Specification

Definitions

• UserOperation - a structure that describes a transaction to be sent on behalf of a user. To avoid confusion, it is not named "transaction".
  • Like a transaction, it contains "sender", "to", "calldata", "maxFeePerGas", "maxPriorityFee", "signature", "nonce"
  • unlike a transaction, it contains several other fields, described below
  • also, the "signature" field usage is not defined by the protocol, but by each account implementation
• Sender - the account contract sending a user operation.
• EntryPoint - a singleton contract to execute bundles of UserOperations. Bundlers/Clients whitelist the supported entrypoint.
• Bundler - a node (block builder) that can handle UserOperations, create a valid an EntryPoint.handleOps() transaction, and add it to the block while it is still valid. This can be achieved by a number of ways:
  • Bundler can act as a block builder itself
  • If the bundler is not a block builder, it MUST work with the block building infrastructure such as mev-boost or other kind of PBS (proposer-builder separation)
  • The bundler can also rely on an experimental eth_sendRawTransactionConditional RPC API if it is available.
• Aggregator - a helper contract trusted by accounts to validate an aggregated signature. Bundlers/Clients whitelist the supported aggregators.

To avoid Ethereum consensus changes, we do not attempt to create new transaction types for account-abstracted transactions. Instead, users package up the action they want their account to take in an ABI-encoded struct called a UserOperation:

Field	Type	Description
sender	address	The account making the operation
nonce	uint256	Anti-replay parameter (see "Semi-abstracted Nonce Support" )
initCode	bytes	The initCode of the account (needed if and only if the account is not yet on-chain and needs to be created)
callData	bytes	The data to pass to the sender during the main execution call
callGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate the main execution call
verificationGasLimit	uint256	The amount of gas to allocate for the verification step
preVerificationGas	uint256	The amount of gas to pay for to compensate the bundler for pre-verification execution, calldata and any gas overhead that can't be tracked on-chain
maxFeePerGas	uint256	Maximum fee per gas (similar to EIP-1559 max_fee_per_gas)
maxPriorityFeePerGas	uint256	Maximum priority fee per gas (similar to EIP-1559 max_priority_fee_per_gas)
paymasterAndData	bytes	Address of paymaster sponsoring the transaction, followed by extra data to send to the paymaster (empty for self-sponsored transaction)
signature	bytes	Data passed into the account along with the nonce during the verification step

Users send UserOperation objects to a dedicated user operation mempool. A specialized class of actors called bundlers (either block builders running special-purpose code, or users that can relay transactions to block builders eg. through a bundle marketplace such as Flashbots that can guarantee next-block-or-never inclusion) listen in on the user operation mempool, and create bundle transactions. A bundle transaction packages up multiple UserOperation objects into a single handleOps call to a pre-published global entry point contract.

To prevent replay attacks (both cross-chain and multiple EntryPoint implementations), the signature should depend on chainid and the EntryPoint address.

The core interface of the entry point contract is as follows:

function handleOps(UserOperation[] calldata ops, address payable beneficiary);

function handleAggregatedOps(
    UserOpsPerAggregator[] calldata opsPerAggregator,
    address payable beneficiary
);

    
struct UserOpsPerAggregator {
    UserOperation[] userOps;
    IAggregator aggregator;
    bytes signature;
}
function simulateValidation(UserOperation calldata userOp);

error ValidationResult(ReturnInfo returnInfo,
    StakeInfo senderInfo, StakeInfo factoryInfo, StakeInfo paymasterInfo);

error ValidationResultWithAggregation(ReturnInfo returnInfo,
    StakeInfo senderInfo, StakeInfo factoryInfo, StakeInfo paymasterInfo,
    AggregatorStakeInfo aggregatorInfo);

struct ReturnInfo {
  uint256 preOpGas;
  uint256 prefund;
  bool sigFailed;
  uint48 validAfter;
  uint48 validUntil;
  bytes paymasterContext;
}

struct StakeInfo {
  uint256 stake;
  uint256 unstakeDelaySec;
}

struct AggregatorStakeInfo {
    address actualAggregator;
    StakeInfo stakeInfo;
}

The core interface required for an account to have is:

interface IAccount {
  function validateUserOp
      (UserOperation calldata userOp, bytes32 userOpHash, uint256 missingAccountFunds)
      external returns (uint256 validationData);
}

The userOpHash is a hash over the userOp (except signature), entryPoint and chainId.

The account:

• MUST validate the caller is a trusted EntryPoint
• If the account does not support signature aggregation, it MUST validate the signature is a valid signature of the userOpHash, and SHOULD return SIG_VALIDATION_FAILED (and not revert) on signature mismatch. Any other error should revert.
• MUST pay the entryPoint (caller) at least the "missingAccountFunds" (which might be zero, in case current account's deposit is high enough)
• The account MAY pay more than this minimum, to cover future transactions (it can always issue withdrawTo to retrieve it)
• The return value MUST be packed of authorizer, validUntil and validAfter timestamps.
  • authorizer - 0 for valid signature, 1 to mark signature failure. Otherwise, an address of an authorizer contract. This ERC defines "signature aggregator" as authorizer.
  • validUntil is 6-byte timestamp value, or zero for "infinite". The UserOp is valid only up to this time.
  • validAfter is 6-byte timestamp. The UserOp is valid only after this time.

An account that works with aggregated signature, should return its signature aggregator address in the "sigAuthorizer" return value of validateUserOp. It MAY ignore the signature field

The core interface required by an aggregator is:

interface IAggregator {

  function validateUserOpSignature(UserOperation calldata userOp)
  external view returns (bytes memory sigForUserOp);

  function aggregateSignatures(UserOperation[] calldata userOps) external view returns (bytes memory aggregatesSignature);

  function validateSignatures(UserOperation[] calldata userOps, bytes calldata signature) view external;
}

• If an account uses an aggregator (returns it from validateUserOp), then its address is returned by simulateValidation() reverting with ValidationResultWithAggregator instead of ValidationResult
• To accept the UserOp, the bundler must call validateUserOpSignature() to validate the userOp's signature.
• aggregateSignatures() must aggregate all UserOp signature into a single value.
• Note that the above methods are helper method for the bundler. The bundler MAY use a native library to perform the same validation and aggregation logic.
• validateSignatures() MUST validate the aggregated signature matches for all UserOperations in the array, and revert otherwise. This method is called on-chain by handleOps()

Semi-abstracted Nonce Support

In Ethereum protocol, the sequential transaction nonce value is used as a replay protection method as well as to determine the valid order of transaction being included in blocks.

It also contributes to the transaction hash uniqueness, as a transaction by the same sender with the same nonce may not be included in the chain twice.

However, requiring a single sequential nonce value is limiting the senders' ability to define their custom logic with regard to transaction ordering and replay protection.

Instead of sequential nonce we implement a nonce mechanism that uses a single uint256 nonce value in the UserOperation, but treats it as two values:

• 192-bit "key"
• 64-bit "sequence"

These values are represented on-chain in the EntryPoint contract. We define the following method in the EntryPoint interface to expose these values:

function getNonce(address sender, uint192 key) external view returns (uint256 nonce);

For each key the sequence is validated and incremented sequentially and monotonically by the EntryPoint for each UserOperation, however a new key can be introduced with an arbitrary value at any point.

This approach maintains the guarantee of UserOperation hash uniqueness on-chain on the protocol level while allowing wallets to implement any custom logic they may need operating on a 192-bit "key" field, while fitting the 32 byte word.

Reading and validating the nonce

When preparing the UserOp clients may make a view call to this method to determine a valid value for the nonce field.

Bundler's validation of a UserOp should start with getNonce to ensure the transaction has a valid nonce field.

If the bundler is willing to accept multiple UserOperations by the same sender into their mempool, this bundler is supposed to track the key and sequence pair of the UserOperations already added in the mempool.

Usage examples

1. Classic sequential nonce.

   In order to require the wallet to have classic, sequential nonce, the validation function should perform:

   require(userOp.nonce<type(uint64).max)

2. Ordered administrative events

   In some cases, an account may need to have an "administrative" channel of operations running in parallel to normal operations.

   In this case, the account may use specific key when calling methods on the account itself:

   bytes4 sig = bytes4(userOp.callData[0 : 4]);
   uint key = userOp.nonce >> 64;
   if (sig == ADMIN_METHODSIG) {
       require(key == ADMIN_KEY, "wrong nonce-key for admin operation");
   } else {
       require(key == 0, "wrong nonce-key for normal operation");
   }

Using signature aggregators

An account signifies it uses signature aggregation returning its address from validateUserOp. During simulateValidation, this aggregator is returned (in the ValidationResultWithAggregator)

The bundler should first accept the aggregator (validate its stake info and that it is not throttled/banned) Then it MUST verify the userOp using aggregator.validateUserOpSignature()

Signature aggregator SHOULD stake just like a paymaster, unless it is exempt due to not accessing global storage - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details. Bundlers MAY throttle down and ban aggregators in case they take too much resources (or revert) when the above methods are called in view mode, or if the signature aggregation fails.

Required entry point contract functionality

There are 2 separate entry point methods: handleOps and handleAggregatedOps

• handleOps handle userOps of accounts that don't require any signature aggregator.

• handleAggregatedOps can handle a batch that contains userOps of multiple aggregators (and also requests without any aggregator)

• handleAggregatedOps performs the same logic below as handleOps, but it must transfer the correct aggregator to each userOp, and also must call validateSignatures on each aggregator after doing all the per-account validation. The entry point's handleOps function must perform the following steps (we first describe the simpler non-paymaster case). It must make two loops, the verification loop and the execution loop. In the verification loop, the handleOps call must perform the following steps for each UserOperation:

• Create the account if it does not yet exist, using the initcode provided in the UserOperation. If the account does not exist, and the initcode is empty, or does not deploy a contract at the "sender" address, the call must fail.

• Call validateUserOp on the account, passing in the UserOperation, the required fee and aggregator (if there is one). The account should verify the operation's signature, and pay the fee if the account considers the operation valid. If any validateUserOp call fails, handleOps must skip execution of at least that operation, and may revert entirely.

• Validate the account's deposit in the entryPoint is high enough to cover the max possible cost (cover the already-done verification and max execution gas)

In the execution loop, the handleOps call must perform the following steps for each UserOperation:

• Call the account with the UserOperation's calldata. It's up to the account to choose how to parse the calldata; an expected workflow is for the account to have an execute function that parses the remaining calldata as a series of one or more calls that the account should make.

Before accepting a UserOperation, bundlers should use an RPC method to locally call the simulateValidation function of the entry point, to verify that the signature is correct and the operation actually pays fees; see the Simulation section below for details. A node/bundler SHOULD drop (not add to the mempool) a UserOperation that fails the validation

Extension: paymasters

We extend the entry point logic to support paymasters that can sponsor transactions for other users. This feature can be used to allow application developers to subsidize fees for their users, allow users to pay fees with ERC-20 tokens and many other use cases. When the paymaster is not equal to the zero address, the entry point implements a different flow:

During the verification loop, in addition to calling validateUserOp, the handleOps execution also must check that the paymaster has enough ETH deposited with the entry point to pay for the operation, and then call validatePaymasterUserOp on the paymaster to verify that the paymaster is willing to pay for the operation. Note that in this case, the validateUserOp is called with a missingAccountFunds of 0 to reflect that the account's deposit is not used for payment for this userOp.

If the paymaster's validatePaymasterUserOp returns a "context", then handleOps must call postOp on the paymaster after making the main execution call. It must guarantee the execution of postOp, by making the main execution inside an inner call context, and if the inner call context reverts attempting to call postOp again in an outer call context.

Maliciously crafted paymasters can DoS the system. To prevent this, we use a reputation system. paymaster must either limit its storage usage, or have a stake. see the reputation, throttling and banning section for details.

The paymaster interface is as follows:

function validatePaymasterUserOp
    (UserOperation calldata userOp, bytes32 userOpHash, uint256 maxCost)
    external returns (bytes memory context, uint256 validationData);

function postOp
    (PostOpMode mode, bytes calldata context, uint256 actualGasCost)
    external;

enum PostOpMode {
    opSucceeded, // user op succeeded
    opReverted, // user op reverted. still has to pay for gas.
    postOpReverted // user op succeeded, but caused postOp to revert
}

// add a paymaster stake (must be called by the paymaster)
function addStake(uint32 _unstakeDelaySec) external payable

// unlock the stake (must wait unstakeDelay before can withdraw)
function unlockStake() external

// withdraw the unlocked stake
function withdrawStake(address payable withdrawAddress) external

The paymaster must also have a deposit, which the entry point will charge UserOperation costs from. The deposit (for paying gas fees) is separate from the stake (which is locked).

The entry point must implement the following interface to allow paymasters (and optionally accounts) manage their deposit:

// return the deposit of an account
function balanceOf(address account) public view returns (uint256)

// add to the deposit of the given account
function depositTo(address account) public payable

// withdraw from the deposit
function withdrawTo(address payable withdrawAddress, uint256 withdrawAmount) external

Client behavior upon receiving a UserOperation

When a client receives a UserOperation, it must first run some basic sanity checks, namely that:

• Either the sender is an existing contract, or the initCode is not empty (but not both)
• If initCode is not empty, parse its first 20 bytes as a factory address. Record whether the factory is staked, in case the later simulation indicates that it needs to be. If the factory accesses global state, it must be staked - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.
• The verificationGasLimit is sufficiently low (<= MAX_VERIFICATION_GAS) and the preVerificationGas is sufficiently high (enough to pay for the calldata gas cost of serializing the UserOperation plus PRE_VERIFICATION_OVERHEAD_GAS)
• The paymasterAndData is either empty, or start with the paymaster address, which is a contract that (i) currently has nonempty code on chain, (ii) has a sufficient deposit to pay for the UserOperation, and (iii) is not currently banned. During simulation, the paymaster's stake is also checked, depending on its storage usage - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.
• The callgas is at least the cost of a CALL with non-zero value.
• The maxFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas are above a configurable minimum value that the client is willing to accept. At the minimum, they are sufficiently high to be included with the current block.basefee.
• The sender doesn't have another UserOperation already present in the pool (or it replaces an existing entry with the same sender and nonce, with a higher maxPriorityFeePerGas and an equally increased maxFeePerGas). Only one UserOperation per sender may be included in a single batch. A sender is exempt from this rule and may have multiple UserOperations in the pool and in a batch if it is staked (see reputation, throttling and banning section below), but this exception is of limited use to normal accounts.

If the UserOperation object passes these sanity checks, the client must next run the first op simulation, and if the simulation succeeds, the client must add the op to the pool. A second simulation must also happen during bundling to make sure the UserOperation is still valid.

Simulation

Simulation Rationale

In order to add a UserOperation into the mempool (and later to add it into a bundle) we need to "simulate" its validation to make sure it is valid, and that it is capable of paying for its own execution. In addition, we need to verify that the same will hold true when executed on-chain. For this purpose, a UserOperation is not allowed to access any information that might change between simulation and execution, such as current block time, number, hash etc. In addition, a UserOperation is only allowed to access data related to this sender address: Multiple UserOperations should not access the same storage, so that it is impossible to invalidate a large number of UserOperations with a single state change. There are 3 special contracts that interact with the account: the factory (initCode) that deploys the contract, the paymaster that can pay for the gas, and signature aggregator (described later) Each of these contracts is also restricted in its storage access, to make sure UserOperation validations are isolated.

Specification:

To simulate a UserOperation validation, the client makes a view call to simulateValidation(userop)

This method always revert with ValidationResult as successful response. If the call reverts with other error, the client rejects this userOp.

The simulated call performs the full validation, by calling:

1. If initCode is present, create the account.
2. account.validateUserOp.
3. if specified a paymaster: paymaster.validatePaymasterUserOp.

Either validateUserOp or validatePaymasterUserOp may return a "validAfter" and "validUntil" timestamps, which is the time-range that this UserOperation is valid on-chain. The simulateValidation call returns this range. A node MAY drop a UserOperation if it expires too soon (e.g. wouldn't make it to the next block) If the ValidationResult includes sigFail, the client SHOULD drop the UserOperation.

The operations differ in their opcode banning policy. In order to distinguish between them, there is a call to the NUMBER opcode (block.number), used as a delimiter between the 3 functions. While simulating userOp validation, the client should make sure that:

1. May not invokes any forbidden opcodes
2. Must not use GAS opcode (unless followed immediately by one of { CALL, DELEGATECALL, CALLCODE, STATICCALL }.)
3. Storage access is limited as follows:
   1. self storage (of factory/paymaster, respectively) is allowed, but only if self entity is staked
   2. account storage access is allowed (see Storage access by Slots, below),
   3. in any case, may not use storage used by another UserOp sender in the same bundle (that is, paymaster and factory are not allowed as senders)
4. Limitation on "CALL" opcodes (CALL, DELEGATECALL, CALLCODE, STATICCALL):
   1. must not use value (except from account to the entrypoint)
   2. must not revert with out-of-gas
   3. destination address must have code (EXTCODESIZE>0) or be a standard Ethereum precompile defined at addresses from 0x01 to 0x09
   4. cannot call EntryPoint's methods, except depositFor (to avoid recursion)
5. EXTCODEHASH of every address accessed (by any opcode) does not change between first and second simulations of the op.
6. EXTCODEHASH, EXTCODELENGTH, EXTCODECOPY may not access address with no code.
7. If op.initcode.length != 0 , allow only one CREATE2 opcode call (in the first (deployment) block), otherwise forbid CREATE2.

Transient Storage slots defined in EIP-1153 and accessed using TLOAD (0x5c) and TSTORE (0x5d) opcodes must follow the exact same validation rules as persistent storage if Transient Storage is enabled.

Storage associated with an address

We define storage slots as "associated with an address" as all the slots that uniquely related on this address, and cannot be related with any other address. In solidity, this includes all storage of the contract itself, and any storage of other contracts that use this contract address as a mapping key.

An address A is associated with:

1. Slots of contract A address itself.
2. Slot A on any other address.
3. Slots of type keccak256(A || X) + n on any other address. (to cover mapping(address => value), which is usually used for balance in ERC-20 tokens). n is an offset value up to 128, to allow accessing fields in the format mapping(address => struct)

Alternative Mempools

The simulation rules above are strict and prevent the ability of paymasters and signature aggregators to grief the system. However, there might be use-cases where specific paymasters (and signature aggregators) can be validated (through manual auditing) and verified that they cannot cause any problem, while still require relaxing of the opcode rules. A bundler cannot simply "whitelist" request from a specific paymaster: if that paymaster is not accepted by all bundlers, then its support will be sporadic at best. Instead, we introduce the term "alternate mempool". UserOperations that use whitelisted paymasters (or signature aggregators) are put into a separate mempool. Only bundlers that support this whitelist will use UserOperations from this mempool. These UserOperations can be bundled together with UserOperations from the main mempool

Bundling

During bundling, the client should:

• Exclude UserOps that access any sender address of another UserOp in the same batch.
• Exclude UserOps that access any address created by another UserOp validation in the same batch (via a factory).
• For each paymaster used in the batch, keep track of the balance while adding UserOps. Ensure that it has sufficient deposit to pay for all the UserOps that use it.
• Sort UserOps by aggregator, to create the lists of UserOps-per-aggregator.
• For each aggregator, run the aggregator-specific code to create aggregated signature, and update the UserOps

After creating the batch, before including the transaction in a block, the client should:

• Run debug_traceCall with maximum possible gas, to enforce the validation opcode and precompile banning and storage access rules, as well as to verify the entire handleOps batch transaction, and use the consumed gas for the actual transaction execution.
• If the call reverted, check the FailedOp event. A FailedOp during handleOps simulation is an unexpected event since it was supposed to be caught by the single-UserOperation simulation.
• If any verification context rule was violated the bundlers should treat it the same as if this UserOperation reverted with a FailedOp event.
• Remove the offending UserOperation from the current bundle and from mempool.
• If the error is caused by a factory (error code is AA1x) or a paymaster (error code is AA3x), and the sender of the UserOp is not a staked entity, then issue a "ban" (see "Reputation, throttling and banning") for the guilty factory or paymaster.
• If the error is caused by a factory (error code is AA1x) or a paymaster (error code is AA3x), and the sender of the UserOp is a staked entity, do not ban the factory / paymaster from the mempool. Instead, issue a "ban" for the staked sender entity.
• Repeat until debug_traceCall succeeds.

As staked entries may use some kind of transient storage to communicate data between UserOperations in the same bundle, it is critical that the exact same opcode and precompile banning rules as well as storage access rules are enforced for the handleOps validation in its entirety as for individual UserOperations. Otherwise, attackers may be able to use the banned opcodes to detect running on-chain and trigger a FailedOp revert.

Banning an offending entity for a given bundler is achieved by increasing its opsSeen value by 1000000 and removing all UserOperations for this entity already present in the mempool. This change will allow the negative reputation value to deteriorate over time consistent with other banning reasons.

If any of the three conditions is violated, the client should reject the op. If both calls succeed (or, if op.paymaster == ZERO_ADDRESS and the first call succeeds)without violating the three conditions, the client should accept the op. On a bundler node, the storage keys accessed by both calls must be saved as the accessList of the UserOperation

When a bundler includes a bundle in a block it must ensure that earlier transactions in the block don't make any UserOperation fail. It should either use access lists to prevent conflicts, or place the bundle as the first transaction in the block.

Forbidden opcodes

The forbidden opcodes are to be forbidden when depth > 2 (i.e. when it is the factory, account, paymaster, or other contracts called by them that are being executed). They are: GASPRICE, GASLIMIT, DIFFICULTY, TIMESTAMP, BASEFEE, BLOCKHASH, NUMBER, SELFBALANCE, BALANCE, ORIGIN, GAS, CREATE, COINBASE, SELFDESTRUCT. They should only be forbidden during verification, not execution. These opcodes are forbidden because their outputs may differ between simulation and execution, so simulation of calls using these opcodes does not reliably tell what would happen if these calls are later done on-chain.

Exceptions to the forbidden opcodes:

1. A single CREATE2 is allowed if op.initcode.length != 0 and must result in the deployment of a previously-undeployed UserOperation.sender.
2. GAS is allowed if followed immediately by one of { CALL, DELEGATECALL, CALLCODE, STATICCALL }. (that is, making calls is allowed, using gasleft() or gas opcode directly is forbidden)

Reputation scoring and throttling/banning for global entities

Reputation Rationale.

UserOperation's storage access rules prevent them from interfere with each other. But "global" entities - paymasters, factories and aggregators are accessed by multiple UserOperations, and thus might invalidate multiple previously-valid UserOperations.

To prevent abuse, we throttle down (or completely ban for a period of time) an entity that causes invalidation of large number of UserOperations in the mempool. To prevent such entities from "sybil-attack", we require them to stake with the system, and thus make such DoS attack very expensive. Note that this stake is never slashed, and can be withdrawn any time (after unstake delay)

Unstaked entities are allowed, under the rules below.

When staked, an entity is also allowed to use its own associated storage, in addition to sender's associated storage.

The stake value is not enforced on-chain, but specifically by each node while simulating a transaction. The stake is expected to be above MIN_STAKE_VALUE, and unstake delay above MIN_UNSTAKE_DELAY The value of MIN_UNSTAKE_DELAY is 84600 (one day) The value of MIN_STAKE_VALUE is determined per chain, and specified in the "bundler specification test suite"

Un-staked entities

Under the following special conditions, unstaked entities still can be used:

• An entity that doesn't use any storage at all, or only the senders's storage (not the entity's storage - that does require a stake)
• If the UserOp doesn't create a new account (that is initCode is empty), or the UserOp creates a new account using a staked factory contract, then the entity may also use storage associated with the sender)
• A paymaster that has a “postOp()” method (that is, validatePaymasterUserOp returns “context”) must be staked

Specification.

In the following specification, "entity" is either address that is explicitly referenced by the UserOperation: sender, factory, paymaster and aggregator. Clients maintain two mappings with a value for staked entities:

• opsSeen: Map[Address, int]
• opsIncluded: Map[Address, int]

If an entity doesn't use storage at all, or only reference storage associated with the "sender" (see Storage associated with an address), then it is considered "OK", without using the rules below.

When the client learns of a new staked entity, it sets opsSeen[entity] = 0 and opsIncluded[entity] = 0 .

The client sets opsSeen[entity] +=1 each time it adds an op with that entity to the UserOperationPool, and the client sets opsIncluded[entity] += 1 each time an op that was in the UserOperationPool is included on-chain.

Every hour, the client sets opsSeen[entity] -= opsSeen[entity] // 24 and opsIncluded[entity] -= opsIncluded[entity] // 24 for all entities (so both values are 24-hour exponential moving averages).

We define the status of an entity as follows:

OK, THROTTLED, BANNED = 0, 1, 2

def status(paymaster: Address,
           opsSeen: Map[Address, int],
           opsIncluded: Map[Address, int]):
    if paymaster not in opsSeen:
        return OK
    min_expected_included = opsSeen[paymaster] // MIN_INCLUSION_RATE_DENOMINATOR
    if min_expected_included <= opsIncluded[paymaster] + THROTTLING_SLACK:
        return OK
    elif min_expected_included <= opsIncluded[paymaster] + BAN_SLACK:
        return THROTTLED
    else:
        return BANNED

Stated in simpler terms, we expect at least 1 / MIN_INCLUSION_RATE_DENOMINATOR of all ops seen on the network to get included. If an entity falls too far behind this minimum, it gets throttled (meaning, the client does not accept ops from that paymaster if there is already an op with that entity, and an op only stays in the pool for 10 blocks), If the entity falls even further behind, it gets banned. Throttling and banning naturally decay over time because of the exponential-moving-average rule.

Non-bundling clients and bundlers should use different settings for the above params:

Param	Client setting	Bundler setting
MIN_INCLUSION_RATE_DENOMINATOR	100	10
THROTTLING_SLACK	10	10
BAN_SLACK	50	50

To help make sense of these params, note that a malicious paymaster can at most cause the network (only the p2p network, not the blockchain) to process BAN_SLACK * MIN_INCLUSION_RATE_DENOMINATOR / 24 non-paying ops per hour.

Rationale

The main challenge with a purely smart contract wallet based account abstraction system is DoS safety: how can a block builder including an operation make sure that it will actually pay fees, without having to first execute the entire operation? Requiring the block builder to execute the entire operation opens a DoS attack vector, as an attacker could easily send many operations that pretend to pay a fee but then revert at the last moment after a long execution. Similarly, to prevent attackers from cheaply clogging the mempool, nodes in the P2P network need to check if an operation will pay a fee before they are willing to forward it.

In this proposal, we expect accounts to have a validateUserOp method that takes as input a UserOperation, and verify the signature and pay the fee. This method is required to be almost-pure: it is only allowed to access the storage of the account itself, cannot use environment opcodes (eg. TIMESTAMP), and can only edit the storage of the account, and can also send out ETH (needed to pay the entry point). The method is gas-limited by the verificationGasLimit of the UserOperation; nodes can choose to reject operations whose verificationGasLimit is too high. These restrictions allow block builders and network nodes to simulate the verification step locally, and be confident that the result will match the result when the operation actually gets included into a block.

The entry point-based approach allows for a clean separation between verification and execution, and keeps accounts' logic simple. The alternative would be to require accounts to follow a template where they first self-call to verify and then self-call to execute (so that the execution is sandboxed and cannot cause the fee payment to revert); template-based approaches were rejected due to being harder to implement, as existing code compilation and verification tooling is not designed around template verification.

Paymasters

Paymasters facilitate transaction sponsorship, allowing third-party-designed mechanisms to pay for transactions. Many of these mechanisms could be done by having the paymaster wrap a UserOperation with their own, but there are some important fundamental limitations to that approach:

• No possibility for "passive" paymasters (eg. that accept fees in some ERC-20 token at an exchange rate pulled from an on-chain DEX)
• Paymasters run the risk of getting griefed, as users could send ops that appear to pay the paymaster but then change their behavior after a block

The paymaster scheme allows a contract to passively pay on users' behalf under arbitrary conditions. It even allows ERC-20 token paymasters to secure a guarantee that they would only need to pay if the user pays them: the paymaster contract can check that there is sufficient approved ERC-20 balance in the validatePaymasterUserOp method, and then extract it with transferFrom in the postOp call; if the op itself transfers out or de-approves too much of the ERC-20s, the inner postOp will fail and revert the execution and the outer postOp can extract payment (note that because of storage access restrictions the ERC-20 would need to be a wrapper defined within the paymaster itself).

First-time account creation

It is an important design goal of this proposal to replicate the key property of EOAs that users do not need to perform some custom action or rely on an existing user to create their wallet; they can simply generate an address locally and immediately start accepting funds.

The wallet creation itself is done by a "factory" contract, with wallet-specific data. The factory is expected to use CREATE2 (not CREATE) to create the wallet, so that the order of creation of wallets doesn't interfere with the generated addresses. The initCode field (if non-zero length) is parsed as a 20-byte address, followed by "calldata" to pass to this address. This method call is expected to create a wallet and return its address. If the factory does use CREATE2 or some other deterministic method to create the wallet, it's expected to return the wallet address even if the wallet has already been created. This is to make it easier for clients to query the address without knowing if the wallet has already been deployed, by simulating a call to entryPoint.getSenderAddress(), which calls the factory under the hood. When initCode is specified, if either the sender address points to an existing contract, or (after calling the initCode) the sender address still does not exist, then the operation is aborted. The initCode MUST NOT be called directly from the entryPoint, but from another address. The contract created by this factory method should accept a call to validateUserOp to validate the UserOp's signature. For security reasons, it is important that the generated contract address will depend on the initial signature. This way, even if someone can create a wallet at that address, he can't set different credentials to control it. The factory has to be staked if it accesses global storage - see reputation, throttling and banning section for details.

NOTE: In order for the wallet to determine the "counterfactual" address of the wallet (prior its creation), it should make a static call to the entryPoint.getSenderAddress()

Entry point upgrading

Accounts are encouraged to be DELEGATECALL forwarding contracts for gas efficiency and to allow account upgradability. The account code is expected to hard-code the entry point into their code for gas efficiency. If a new entry point is introduced, whether to add new functionality, improve gas efficiency, or fix a critical security bug, users can self-call to replace their account's code address with a new code address containing code that points to a new entry point. During an upgrade process, it's expected that two mempools will run in parallel.

RPC methods (eth namespace)

* eth_sendUserOperation

eth_sendUserOperation submits a User Operation object to the User Operation pool of the client. The client MUST validate the UserOperation, and return a result accordingly.

The result SHOULD be set to the userOpHash if and only if the request passed simulation and was accepted in the client's User Operation pool. If the validation, simulation, or User Operation pool inclusion fails, result SHOULD NOT be returned. Rather, the client SHOULD return the failure reason.

Parameters:

1. UserOperation a full user-operation struct. All fields MUST be set as hex values. empty bytes block (e.g. empty initCode) MUST be set to "0x"
2. EntryPoint the entrypoint address the request should be sent through. this MUST be one of the entry points returned by the supportedEntryPoints rpc call.

Return value:

• If the UserOperation is valid, the client MUST return the calculated userOpHash for it
• in case of failure, MUST return an error result object, with code and message. The error code and message SHOULD be set as follows:
  • code: -32602 - invalid UserOperation struct/fields
  • code: -32500 - transaction rejected by entryPoint's simulateValidation, during wallet creation or validation
    • The message field MUST be set to the FailedOp's "AAxx" error message from the EntryPoint
  • code: -32501 - transaction rejected by paymaster's validatePaymasterUserOp
    • The message field SHOULD be set to the revert message from the paymaster
    • The data field MUST contain a paymaster value
  • code: -32502 - transaction rejected because of opcode validation
  • code: -32503 - UserOperation out of time-range: either wallet or paymaster returned a time-range, and it is already expired (or will expire soon)
    • The data field SHOULD contain the validUntil and validAfter values
    • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster value, if this error was triggered by the paymaster
  • code: -32504 - transaction rejected because paymaster (or signature aggregator) is throttled/banned
    • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster or aggregator value, depending on the failed entity
  • code: -32505 - transaction rejected because paymaster (or signature aggregator) stake or unstake-delay is too low
    • The data field SHOULD contain a paymaster or aggregator value, depending on the failed entity
    • The data field SHOULD contain a minimumStake and minimumUnstakeDelay
  • code: -32506 - transaction rejected because wallet specified unsupported signature aggregator
    • The data field SHOULD contain an aggregator value
  • code: -32507 - transaction rejected because of wallet signature check failed (or paymaster signature, if the paymaster uses its data as signature)

Example:

Request:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "eth_sendUserOperation",
  "params": [
    {
      sender, // address
      nonce, // uint256
      initCode, // bytes
      callData, // bytes
      callGasLimit, // uint256
      verificationGasLimit, // uint256
      preVerificationGas, // uint256
      maxFeePerGas, // uint256
      maxPriorityFeePerGas, // uint256
      paymasterAndData, // bytes
      signature // bytes
    },
    entryPoint // address
  ]
}

Response:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "0x1234...5678"
}

Example failure responses:

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "message": "AA21 didn't pay prefund",
    "code": -32500
  }
}

{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "error": {
    "message": "paymaster stake too low",
    "data": {
      "paymaster": "0x123456789012345678901234567890123456790",
      "minimumStake": "0xde0b6b3a7640000",
      "minimumUnstakeDelay": "0x15180"
    },
    "code": -32504
  }
}

* eth_estimateUserOperationGas

Estimate the gas values for a UserOperation. Given UserOperation optionally without gas limits and gas prices, return the needed gas limits. The signature field is ignored by the wallet, so that the operation will not require user's approval. Still, it might require putting a "semi-valid" signature (e.g. a signature in the right length)

Parameters: same as eth_sendUserOperation gas limits (and prices) parameters are optional, but are used if specified. maxFeePerGas and maxPriorityFeePerGas default to zero, so no payment is required by neither account nor paymaster.

Return Values:

• preVerificationGas gas overhead of this UserOperation
• verificationGasLimit actual gas used by the validation of this UserOperation
• callGasLimit value used by inner account execution

Error Codes:

Same as eth_sendUserOperation This operation may also return an error if the inner call to the account contract reverts.

* eth_getUserOperationByHash

Return a UserOperation based on a hash (userOpHash) returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Parameters

• hash a userOpHash value returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

null in case the UserOperation is not yet included in a block, or a full UserOperation, with the addition of entryPoint, blockNumber, blockHash and transactionHash

* eth_getUserOperationReceipt

Return a UserOperation receipt based on a hash (userOpHash) returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Parameters

• hash a userOpHash value returned by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

null in case the UserOperation is not yet included in a block, or:

• userOpHash the request hash
• entryPoint
• sender
• nonce
• paymaster the paymaster used for this userOp (or empty)
• actualGasCost - actual amount paid (by account or paymaster) for this UserOperation
• actualGasUsed - total gas used by this UserOperation (including preVerification, creation, validation and execution)
• success boolean - did this execution completed without revert
• reason in case of revert, this is the revert reason
• logs the logs generated by this UserOperation (not including logs of other UserOperations in the same bundle)
• receipt the TransactionReceipt object. Note that the returned TransactionReceipt is for the entire bundle, not only for this UserOperation.

* eth_supportedEntryPoints

Returns an array of the entryPoint addresses supported by the client. The first element of the array SHOULD be the entryPoint addressed preferred by the client.

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "eth_supportedEntryPoints",
  "params": []
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": [
    "0xcd01C8aa8995A59eB7B2627E69b40e0524B5ecf8",
    "0x7A0A0d159218E6a2f407B99173A2b12A6DDfC2a6"
  ]
}

* eth_chainId

Returns EIP-155 Chain ID.

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "eth_chainId",
  "params": []
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "0x1"
}

RPC methods (debug Namespace)

This api must only be available on testing mode and is required by the compatibility test suite. In production, any debug_* rpc calls should be blocked.

* debug_bundler_clearState

Clears the bundler mempool and reputation data of paymasters/accounts/factories/aggregators.

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_clearState",
  "params": []
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "ok"
}

* debug_bundler_dumpMempool

Dumps the current UserOperations mempool

Parameters:

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

Returns:

array - Array of UserOperations currently in the mempool.

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_dumpMempool",
  "params": ["0x1306b01bC3e4AD202612D3843387e94737673F53"]
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": [
    {
        sender, // address
        nonce, // uint256
        initCode, // bytes
        callData, // bytes
        callGasLimit, // uint256
        verificationGasLimit, // uint256
        preVerificationGas, // uint256
        maxFeePerGas, // uint256
        maxPriorityFeePerGas, // uint256
        paymasterAndData, // bytes
        signature // bytes
    }
  ]
}

* debug_bundler_sendBundleNow

Forces the bundler to build and execute a bundle from the mempool as handleOps() transaction.

Returns: transactionHash

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_sendBundleNow",
  "params": []
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "0xdead9e43632ac70c46b4003434058b18db0ad809617bd29f3448d46ca9085576"
}

* debug_bundler_setBundlingMode

Sets bundling mode.

After setting mode to "manual", an explicit call to debug_bundler_sendBundleNow is required to send a bundle.

parameters:

mode - 'manual' | 'auto'

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_setBundlingMode",
  "params": ["manual"]
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "ok"
}

* debug_bundler_setReputation

Sets reputation of given addresses. parameters:

Parameters:

• An array of reputation entries to add/replace, with the fields:

  • address - The address to set the reputation for.
  • opsSeen - number of times a user operations with that entity was seen and added to the mempool
  • opsIncluded - number of times a user operations that uses this entity was included on-chain
  • status - (string) The status of the address in the bundler 'ok' | 'throttled' | 'banned'.

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_setReputation",
  "params": [
    [
      {
        "address": "0x7A0A0d159218E6a2f407B99173A2b12A6DDfC2a6",
        "opsSeen": 20,
        "opsIncluded": 13
      }
    ],
    "0x1306b01bC3e4AD202612D3843387e94737673F53"
  ]
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": "ok"
}

* debug_bundler_dumpReputation

Returns the reputation data of all observed addresses. Returns an array of reputation objects, each with the fields described above in debug_bundler_setReputation with the

Parameters:

• EntryPoint the entrypoint used by eth_sendUserOperation

Return value:

An array of reputation entries with the fields:

• address - The address to set the reputation for.
• opsSeen - number of times a user operations with that entity was seen and added to the mempool
• opsIncluded - number of times a user operations that uses this entity was included on-chain
• status - (string) The status of the address in the bundler 'ok' | 'throttled' | 'banned'.

# Request
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "method": "debug_bundler_dumpReputation",
  "params": ["0x1306b01bC3e4AD202612D3843387e94737673F53"]
}

# Response
{
  "jsonrpc": "2.0",
  "id": 1,
  "result": [
    { "address": "0x7A0A0d159218E6a2f407B99173A2b12A6DDfC2a6",
      "opsSeen": 20,
      "opsIncluded": 19,
      "status": "ok"
    }
  ]
}

Backwards Compatibility

This EIP does not change the consensus layer, so there are no backwards compatibility issues for Ethereum as a whole. Unfortunately it is not easily compatible with pre-ERC-4337 accounts, because those accounts do not have a validateUserOp function. If the account has a function for authorizing a trusted op submitter, then this could be fixed by creating an ERC-4337 compatible account that re-implements the verification logic as a wrapper and setting it to be the original account's trusted op submitter.

Reference Implementation

See https://github.com/eth-infinitism/account-abstraction/tree/main/contracts

Security Considerations

The entry point contract will need to be very heavily audited and formally verified, because it will serve as a central trust point for all ERC-4337. In total, this architecture reduces auditing and formal verification load for the ecosystem, because the amount of work that individual accounts have to do becomes much smaller (they need only verify the validateUserOp function and its "check signature, increment nonce and pay fees" logic) and check that other functions are msg.sender == ENTRY_POINT gated (perhaps also allowing msg.sender == self), but it is nevertheless the case that this is done precisely by concentrating security risk in the entry point contract that needs to be verified to be very robust.

Verification would need to cover two primary claims (not including claims needed to protect paymasters, and claims needed to establish p2p-level DoS resistance):

• Safety against arbitrary hijacking: The entry point only calls an account generically if validateUserOp to that specific account has passed (and with op.calldata equal to the generic call's calldata)
• Safety against fee draining: If the entry point calls validateUserOp and passes, it also must make the generic call with calldata equal to op.calldata

Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.